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Saranac Lake is a village located in the state of New York, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 5,406. The village is named after Upper, Middle and Lower Saranac Lakes, which are nearby. The Village of Saranac Lake covers parts of three towns (Harrietstown, St. Armand, and North Elba) and two counties, Franklin and Essex. The county line is within two blocks of the center of the village. The village boundaries do not touch the shores of any of the three Saranac Lakes; Lower Saranac Lake is a half mile west of the village. The northern reaches of Lake Flower, which is a wide part of the Saranac River downstream from the three Saranac Lakes, lie within the village. The town of Saranac is an entirely separate entity, down the Saranac River to the northeast. The village lies within the boundaries of the Adirondack Park, about seven miles (11 km) from Lake Placid. These two villages, along with nearby Tupper Lake, comprise what is known as the Tri-Lakes region. Saranac Lake was named the best small town in New York State and ranked 11th in the United States in ''The 100 Best Small Towns in America''.〔Crampton, Norman, ''The 100 Best Small Towns in America'', Arco, 1995. ISBN 978-0-02-860577-7〕 In 1998, the National Civic League named Saranac Lake an All-America City and in 2006, the village was named one of the "Dozen Distinctive Destinations" by the National Trust for Historic Preservation.〔(National Trust - Dozen Distinctive Destinations )〕 186 buildings in the village are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. == History == The area was first settled in 1819 by the Jacob Smith Moody family from Keene, New Hampshire. In 1827, settlers Pliny Miller and Alric Bushnell established a logging facility with a dam and sawmill, forming the basis for the village. The first school was built in 1838, and in 1849, William F. Martin built one of the first hotels in the Adirondacks — the Saranac Lake House, known simply as "Martin's" — on the southeast shore of Lower Saranac Lake. Martin's would soon become a favorite place for hunters, woodsmen, and socialites to meet and interact. In 1876, Dr. Edward Livingston Trudeau arrived to treat his own tuberculosis; in 1884, he founded his Adirondack Cottage Sanitarium, starting with a small cottage, called "Little Red", where two tubercular sisters from New York City became the first patients. Little Red, the first "cure cottage", was built on a small patch of land on the backside of Mount Pisgah, which was purchased for Trudeau by several of his hunting guides. As more and more patients visited the region, including author Robert Louis Stevenson in 1887, Trudeau's fame grew.〔 * 〕 Soon, the sanitarium had grown so that it was entitled to its own post office, which would sort and deliver mail to its many patients. The Trudeau Institute, an independent medical research center, evolved from Trudeau's work for the sanitarium. In 1964, the Trudeau Institute began researching the functions of the immune system and how it guards against many infectious diseases, including tuberculosis. William S. Fowler was a real estate speculator and developer who owned several properties around Saranac Lake. One of them was a beautiful multi-acre property just outside the Town on top of a hill. He named it “Spion Kop” in honor of a battle that was fought in the Boer’s War in Africa. In commemoration he placed miniature cannons on various parts of the property. Several buildings were erected so that people could “Cure”. In 1919, he sold the property to the Northwestern Fire Insurance Company. They turned it into a private Sanatorium for their employees. In 1925, the Sanatorium was sold to the National Vaudeville Artists. Around this time there were Vaudevillians in Saranac Lake curing at different locations. The NVA (as it was known) held Benefit Programs in New York City so that one large Building could be built. The older cure cottages were torn down and some were moved. By the end of the 1920s the dream came true and the Tudor Building was built and still stands today. In the 1930s the NVA no longer existed and was taken over by a group known as the Will Rogers Memorial Commission. In 1936, one year after Will Rogers’ tragic death, the Building was renamed the Will Rogers Memorial Hospital. Also a Laboratory was built in later years and was named the O’Donnell Memorial Laboratory in honor of R.J. O'Donnell who was a well-known Theater Chain Manager. In the 1970s, New York State forced the closure of the Hospital. The costs would have been prohibitive to bring the Building up to their codes. The Will Rogers building went through several changes at this point. It was opened up as a Night Club, then as a Time Share and finally apartments at which time it was abandoned and fell into ruins. In 1980, it was the press headquarters for the Winter Olympics. In 1995, it was sold to the Kaplan Development Group so that it could be turned into a Retirement Home for Senior Residents. Plans were made to restore the Building to its full glory as it was originally built. This is the history of the Saranac Village at Will Rogers. Telephone service was introduced in 1884, and the Chateaugay Railroad reached Saranac Lake from Plattsburgh in 1887. The village was incorporated on June 16, 1892, and Dr. Trudeau was elected the first village president soon thereafter. Electricity was introduced on September 20, 1894, by installing water wheels on the former site of Pliny Miller's mill. Paul Smith, an important figure in the history of the village, purchased the Saranac Lake Electricity Co. in 1907, forming the Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company, which eventually became part of Niagara-Mohawk. At the same time, the village began to stabilize, with public schools, fire and police departments, and other municipal facilities forming. In 1892, John Rudolphus Booth, the Canadian lumber king, rented a cottage at Saranac Lake, where his daughter would cure for several years. Booth brought a pair of skis with him, thus introducing the sport of skiing to the area. Starting in the 1890s and for the next 60 years, Saranac Lake was known as "the Western Hemisphere's foremost center for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis".〔Gallos, Phillip L. (1985). "Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake", Historic Saranac Lake ISBN 0-9615159-0-2, pp. viii.〕 An effective antibiotic was first used on human TB patients in 1921, but only after World War II did it begin to be widely used in the US. Thereafter, sanatorium treatment began to lose its importance, being phased out completely by 1954, when the sanatorium's last patient, baseball player Larry Doyle, left. Among the last of the prominent patients who sought treatment for tuberculosis was Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina, the first Filipino president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines, who died in Saranac Lake of the disease on August 1, 1944. But the village's preeminence in tuberculosis care had lasting consequences beyond the many large, handsome private cure cottages that were left vacant after the patients were gone. The effect of the hundreds of patients and doctors from all over the world who came to live in the village, many of them prominent in business, literature, science or other fields, many of whom stayed for years, cannot be overestimated. Combined with the area's popularity with the power elite, who built their Great Camps on the nearby Saranac and Saint Regis Lakes, the effect was to change the sleepy village of 300 of the 1880s into the vibrant "little city" of 8,000, as the village has referred to itself for many years.〔Gallos, Philip, ''Cure Cottages of Saranac Lake: Architecture and History of a Pioneer Health Resort'', Saranac Lake:Historic Saranac Lake, 1985. ISBN 0-9615159-0-2 〕 Mark Twain vacationed on Lake Flower in 1901〔(Historic Saranac Lake )〕 at the height of his fame. While there, he wrote a Conan Doyle spoof, "A Double-Barreled Detective Story".〔Taylor, Robert, ''America's Magic Mountain'', Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1986. ISBN 0-395-37905-9〕 Saranac Lake became an especially busy town in the 1920s, with the construction of the Hotel Saranac and several new, permanent buildings after multiple fires destroyed a large part of downtown. Bootlegging was common in the village. Legs Diamond visited his brother Eddy, who had tuberculosis and attempted a cure at a local cottage sanatorium.〔 During the 1920s, entertainer Al Jolson and president Calvin Coolidge were semi-frequent visitors to the village — Jolson once performed a solo for three hours at the Pontiac Theater on Broadway. Beginning in 1936, Albert Einstein had a summer home in Saranac Lake, renting the cottage of local architect William L. Distin; he could often be seen sailing with his wife on Lake Flower.〔 He summered frequently at Knollwood Club on Lower Saranac Lake during World War II, and it was there on August 6, 1945 that he heard on the radio that that atom bomb had been dropped on Hiroshima; he gave his first interview after the event at Knollwood, on August 11.〔 In 1954, Saranac Lake hosted the world premiere of the Biblical epic film ''The Silver Chalice'', Paul Newman's film debut. Several of the stars, including Virginia Mayo, visited the village and participated in the winter carnival parade. In recent years, Saranac Lake has become a more conventional tourist destination. New York's governor, Andrew Cuomo, has visited there ever since he was a teenager and regularly vacations there with his family. The Hotel Saranac is a memorable early 20th century Art Deco structure. The former sanatorium is now the corporate call center for the American Management Association. The Dr. A. H. Allen Cottage, Berkeley Square Historic District, Freer Cottage, Hathaway Cottage, Helen Hill Historic District, The Homestead, Larom Cottage, Little Red, Musselman Cottage, New York Central Railroad Adirondack Division Historic District, Pomeroy Cottage, Orin Savage Cottage, Paul Smith's Electric Light and Power and Railroad Company Complex, Chester Valentine House, Wilson Cottage, and Witherspoon Cottage are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Saranac Lake, New York」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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